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Item Ready-made Garment Exports from Sri Lanka(Routledge, 2009) Kelegama, SamanWith the phasing out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), the Sri Lankan economy, highly dependent on ready-made garment exports, has become vulnerable to the changing global trading system affecting this industry. In such a global environment, strengthening the competitiveness of the industry has become imperative for Sri Lanka if it is to remain as one of the suppliers of choice in major markets. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the industry and shows the steps that have been taken to address the latter. Additional steps taken to select specific garment products according to past performance and global positioning for further improvement and promotion are also highlighted. The paper also suggests some strategies to cope up with the new global challenges.Item Open Regionalism and APEC: Rhetoric and Reality(Sameeksha, 2000) Kelegama, SamanAPEC has now functioned for more than one decade but its record is not very impressive. This article argues that the operational aspects of APEC have clearly highlighted the limitations of APEC's governing framework, i e, open regionalism. The paper shows that APEC's trade liberalisation strategy is a frail initiative and argues that APEC might be better-off focusing on deep economic integration issues.Item Bangkok Agreement and BIMSTEC: Crawling Regional Economic Groupings in Asia(2001) Kelegama, SamanBoth the Bangkok Agreement (BA) and Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) have offered opportunities for economic cooperation in the Asian region. Four countries that are (or were) associated with the former are members of the latter. The BA (formed in 1975) is a preferential trading arrangement (PTA) whereas BIMSTEC (formed in 1997) is a sectoral cooperation arrangement, but has announced its intention of moving to a PTA in the future. However, the results of both regional economic groupings have so far not been impressive. The BA did not produce the desired results due to inherent shortcomings in the Agreement and the ineffectiveness of the preferential system, inter alia: a) exclusion of nontariff barriers from the preferences; b) low product coverage by the preferential tariffs; and c) low preferential margins. Moreover, the PTA was not combined with direct measures for sectoral cooperation. Although the BIMSTEC emphasizes the latter, for these to be effective in the absence of a PTA, there has to be a high degree of commitment to the regional group by member countries, harmonization of standards, and an institutional framework. All these requirements are lacking in the BIMSTEC at present. BIMSTEC could have become a PTA if Thailand and Myanmar joined the BA but regional geo-politics and commitment to ASEAN have prevented this process. Surprisingly, BIMSTEC is considering a new PTA when a mechanism already exists under the BA. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.Item Does Leadership Matter in the Economic Reform Process? Liberalization and Governance in Sri Lanka, 1989-1993(Elsevier, 1997) Dunham, David; Kelegama, SamanGovernance assumptions of the East Asian miracle may not be a sufficient or a necessary condition for effective economic reform or for solid growth to emerge in other Asian economies. This paper argues that in Sri Lanka, where the state is not strong, where it is not well coordinated, and is neither cohesive nor disciplined in organizational terms, strong political leadership proved critical in the second wave of reform from 1989-93 - even if it was essentially illiberal in the process of implementation. Technical and political imperatives are seen to be interrelated and parts of a single reform package.Item Economic Cooperation: The Emerging Scenario(Institute of Policy Studies of Pakistan, 2012) Kelegama, SamanConsidering China continuously increasing importance for the global level, increased economic cooptation between China and SAARc member countries will be mutually beneficial, particularly for the South Asia . SAARC's own success in achieving desired level of regionalism has been limited, and China's involvement can become a catalyst in this regard. While trade between China and SAARC has been increasing in recent years, the potential of economic cooptation is much more beyond trade alone. China's engagement can address some of SAARC's fundamental shortfalls such as inability to generate funds for crucial projects and no progress towards knowledge and technology transfers. Regardless of China's full membership of SAARC, its active involvement in South Asia will continue to grow. - Eds.Item Towards Greater Economic Connectivity in South Asia(Sameeksha, 2007) Kelegama, SamanTo strengthen economic connectivity in south Asia, members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation should not depend solely on the SAARC framework, and the agreement on the South Asia Free Trade Area. The natural market integration process that started in south Asia with the high growth in India in particular, can give an impetus to strengthening economic connectivity. The private sector in south Asia, through the SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry, has to play a key role as a pressure group to remove impediments for economic integration. Steps also need to betaken to not overload the SAARC agenda with soft issues so that economic connectivity issues receive due attention.Item Labour Absorption in Industries: Some Observations from the Sri Lankan Experience(1992) Kelegama, Saman; Wignaraja, GaneshanEleven years have passed since liberalization began in Sri Lanka, and yet the level of unemployment remains at about the same level as in mid-1977. Even if the export industries take time to respond to policy reforms, the fact that unemployment increased to pre-1977 levels by 1985 clearly shows that export-oriented industrialization has not been able to generate employment on a large scale. Why has this been the case? This paper attempts to answer this question by examining the labour-absorptive capacity of manufacturing and how it has changed after liberalization.Item External Shocks and Domestic Policy Adjustment: The Case of Sri Lanka(The Indian Institute of the Economics, 1994) White, Howard; Kelegama, SamanA major methodological problem in the analysis of adjustment policies is the separation of the effects of the policies themselves from those changing external conditions. But such a separation can be clearly made by decomposing the sources of change in the current account. In this paper authors apply methodology, with a number of important modifications to the experience of Sri Lanka for the period 1971 to 1991. By extending the decomposition analysis to cover the capital account authors are able to address a further important issue in the adjustment debate: namely distinguishing the impact of external finance given to support domestic policy adjustment efforts from that of the efforts themselves.Item Sri Lankan Economy of War and Peace(Sameeksha, 2002) Kelegama, SamanThe experience of economic liberalisation in Sri Lanka has coincided with the nearly 20-year long civil strife in the nation's north and east. An attempt is made here to trace the economic reform programme since the war began. For the economy to be brought back on track the cumbersome task of balancing the needs of long-term economic management with the immediate demands of the current ceasefire and peace initiatives has to be undertaken.Item Ready-Made Garment Industry in Sri Lanka: Preparing to Face the Global Challenges(2005) Kelegama, SamanWith the phasing out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), the Sri Lankan economy, highly dependent on garment exports, has become vulnerable to the changing scenario affecting this industry in the global trading system. In such a global environment, strengthening the competitiveness of the garment industry has become a sine qua non for Sri Lanka to remain one of the suppliers of choice in her major markets. The industry therefore needs to articulate new response mechanisms to address the emerging challenges. A realistic course of action should involve addressing the major constraints in both the supply and demand sides of the industry. This paper highlights these issues and suggests some strategies for coping with the new global challenges.